Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that usually affects young people between the ages of 20 and 40 (though early onset cases as young as 10 years and late onset cases after 40 are also possible). It is more common in women (female/male ratio of 3/2) and in individuals with a higher socio-economic and educational level. The exact cause of MS is not yet known. It occurs due to damage to the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the spinal cord, cerebellum, and brain. In MS, which belongs to the group of demyelinating diseases, the affected areas where the myelin sheath is damaged are called “plaques.”

MS symptoms can vary greatly from patient to patient. They depend on the region of the nervous system that is affected and may include visual impairment, double vision, numbness, weakness or sensory loss in a part of the body, balance issues, speech disturbances, tremors, and urinary problems. Initial symptoms can develop within a few days, and the disease can have periods of relapses and remissions.

MS is not a fatal disease, and studies have shown no significant difference in life expectancy between MS patients and healthy individuals. It is not a hereditary disease; however, individuals with a family history of MS are at higher risk compared to the general population. MS is also not contagious.

What is an Attack?

An attack is characterized by symptoms such as vision loss, double vision, numbness, weakness or sensory loss in part of the body, balance issues, speech disturbances, tremors, or urinary problems that last for more than 24 hours. Short-term symptoms are not considered an attack.

The duration and resolution of an attack cannot be predicted, and patients should consult their doctor as soon as possible for evaluation and treatment.

How is MS Diagnosed?

The first step in diagnosing MS involves the evaluation of symptoms such as visual impairment, double vision, numbness, weakness, balance issues, speech disturbances, and others by a neurologist. Despite advancements in diagnostic methods, the diagnosis is mainly based on the patient’s history and clinical findings.

The most important supporting method is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which can identify plaques in the brain and spinal cord. Active plaques can be detected by administering gadolinium during MRI. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and visual, auditory, and sensory evoked responses can also help in diagnosis. A detailed history, neurological examination, and laboratory investigations are usually sufficient for a definitive diagnosis. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. No one should be diagnosed with MS without confirming the diagnosis.

Important Note: The choice of treatment, medication, and its duration should be determined by the patient’s doctor. The course of the disease can vary from patient to patient, and treatment may differ accordingly. Please consult your doctor for further information.